Unit – I Introduction to Databases and Transactions
What is database system, purpose of database system, view of data, relational
databases, database architecture, transaction management

Unit- II Data Models
The importance of data models, Basic building blocks, Business rules, The evolution
of data models, Degrees of data abstraction.

Unit-III Database Design ,ER-Diagram and Unified Modeling Language
Database design and ER Model:overview, ER-Model, Constraints, ER-Diagrams, ERD
Issues, weak entity sets, Codd’s rules, Relational Schemas, Introduction to UML
Relational database model: Logical view of data, keys, integrity rules.
Relational Database design: features of good relational database design, atomic
domain and Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF).

Unit- IV Relational Algebra and Calculus
Relational algebra: introduction, Selection and projection, set operations, renaming,
Joins, Division, syntax, semantics. Operators, grouping and ungrouping, relational
comparison.
Calculus: Tuple relational calculus, Domain relational Calculus, calculus vs algebra,
computational capabilities.

Unit- V Constraints, Views and SQL
What is constraints, types of constrains, Integrity constraints,
Views: Introduction to views, data independence, security, updates on views,
comparison between tables and views
SQL: data definition, aggregate function, Null Values, nested sub queries, Joined
relations. Triggers.

Unit-VI Transaction management and Concurrency control
Transaction management: ACID properties, serializability and concurrency control,
Lock based concurrency control (2PL, Deadlocks),Time stamping methods,
optimistic methods, database recovery management.