Introduction.

Cardinal signs.

Acute inflammation.

 

1. Vascular changes.

2. Cellular changes.

3. Extravascular changes.

– chemotaxis.

 

– leukocyte activation.

 

– opsonisation.

 

– reactive oxygen species.

 

– reactive nitrogen species.

 

– lysosomal enzymes.

 

– neutrophil extracellular traps.

 

Chemical mediators.

 

1. Cellular preformed mediators.

 

Histamine.

 

Serotonin.

 

Lysosomal enzymes.

 

2. Freshly formed mediators.

 

Arachidonic acid metabolites.

 

Nitric oxide.

 

Cytokines.

 

Chemokines.

 

3. Plasma derived mediators.

 

Complement system.

 

Coagulation system.

 

Kinin system.

 

 

Morphological patterns of acute inflammation.

 

1. Serous inflammation.

 

2. Fibrinous inflammation.

 

3. Purulent inflammation.

 

4. Catarrhal inflammation.

 

5. Membranous inflammation.

 

6. Pseudomembranous inflammation.

 

7. Gangrenous inflammation.

 

8. Ulcers.

 

Outcomes of acute inflammation.