EMT INDEX

 

1. UNIT 1-

• Eqn of continuity- 2

• Concept of Displacement Current- 3

• Maxwell’s Equations- 4

• Physical Significance of Maxwell’s Eqns- 5

• In Free Space- 6

• Coulombs Law- 7

• Electromagnetic Potentials- 8

• Concept of Gauge- 9

• Lorentz Gauge Transformation- 10

• Coulombs Transverse Gauge- 11

• Boundary Conditions- 12

• Poynting Theorem- 14

• Poynting Vector- 15

• Wave Eqns- 15

 

2. UNIT-2

• Plane EM Wave in Homo, Linear isotropic in free space- 16

• Non-conducting homo linear isotropic medium (isotropic

dielectric)- 19

• Conducting medium- 20

• Penetration or skin depth- 22

• Wave in ionized gas or dilute plasma- 24

• EM wave in N-proper

 

3. UNIT-3

• Snell’s Law- 27

• Fresnel’s Relation- 28 (i-Perpendicular-28, ii- Parallel-31)

• Brewester’s Law- 33

• TIR- 33

• Reflection and Transmission coefficient at interface b/w two

non-conducting media (Dielectric to dielectric)- 35

• Reflection from a conducting medium (Dielectric to

conducting surface)- 37

• Fresnel’s Relations (Dielectric to conducting)-38

• Transmission coefficient- 42

 

4. UNIT-4

(A)

• Introduction- Polarization, Isotropic, Anisotropic Crystal,

Optical Axial, types of crystal- Uniaxial and Axial- 43

• Double Refraction- 44

• Positive and Negative Uniaxial crystal

• Light propagation in uniaxial crystal (Huygen’s Construction

of wavefront)- 45

• Plane, circular, elliptical polarization- 47

• Production of linearly polarized light (LPL)- 50

• Nicol Prism- as polarizer, as analyzer, limitations- 51,52

• Phase Retardation Plate-53

• Quarter Wave Plate- 53

• Production of elliptically or circularly polarized light- 53

• Half Wave Plate- 54

• Rotation of plane of polarization- 54

• Analysis or detection of polarized light- 55

 

• Flow Chart-58

• State of Polarization- 59

• Babinet Compensator- 61

• Anisotropic medium- 65

• Fresnel’s formula for Phase velocity- 68

• Displacement vector D1, D2 associated with two modes are

normal to each other- 70

• Malus Law- 71

 

(B)

 

• Optical Activity or rotatory polarization (right handed or

dextro, left handed or leavo)- 71

• Biot’s Law of Optical Rotation- 72

• Fresnel’s theory of Optical Rotation- 72

• Optically active material- calculation of angle of rotation- 74

• Specific Rotation- 75

• Polarimeter- 76

• Laurent’s Half shade device

• Determination of specific Rotation-78

 

5. UNIT-5

• Planar optical Wave Guide- 79

• Maxwell’s Eqn in Inhomogeneous medium- 80

• TE Mode of Symmetric Step Index Waveguide- 82

• Eigen Value equation- 84

• Phase and Group velocity of Guided waves- 86

• TM Mode of a symmetric step index planar waveguide- 86

• Power Transmission- 89

 

6. UNIT-6

• Optical fibers- Importance of cladding- 91

• Acceptance Angle-92

• Fractional Refraction Index

• Numerical aperture-93

• Classification of fibers- (single mode, multi-mode)- 94

• Step index- 94

• Graded Index- 95

• Advantages and Disadvantages

• Pulse Dispersion- 96

• Normalized Frequency- 97

Topics Covered in Notes

Maxwell Equations: Review of Maxwell’s equations. Displacement Current. Vector and Scalar Potentials. Gauge Transformations: Lorentz and Coulomb Gauge. L Boundary  Conditions at Interface between Different Media. Wave Equations. Plane Waves in  Dielectric Media. Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector. Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Density. Physical Concept of Electromagnetic Field Energy Density. Momentum Density and Angular Momentum Density.

EM Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media: Plane EM waves through vacuum and   isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of plane EM waves, refractive index and dielectric constant, wave impedance. Propagation through conducting media, relaxation time, skin depth. Wave propagation through dilute plasma, electrical conductivity of ionized gases, plasma frequency , refractive index, skin depth, application to propagation through ionosphere.

EM Wave in Bounded Media: Boundary conditions at a plane interface between two media. Reflection & Refraction of plane waves at plane interface between two dielectric  media-Laws of Reflection & Refraction. Fresnel’s Formulae for perpendicular & parallel polarization cases, Brewster’s law. Reflection & Transmission coefficients.Total internal   reflection, evanescent waves. Metallic reflection (normal Incidence)

Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves: Description of Linear, Circular and Elliptical Polarization. Propagation of E.M. Waves in Anisotropic Media. Symmetric Nature of Dielectric Tensor. Fresnel’s Formula. Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals. Light Propagation in Uniaxial Crystal. Double Refraction. Polarization by Double Refraction. Nicol Prism. Ordinary & extraordinary refractive indices. Production & detection of Plane, Circularly and  Elliptically Polarized Light. Phase Retardation Plates: Quarter-Wave and Half-Wave Plates. Babinet Compensator and its Uses. Analysis of Polarized Light

Rotatory Polarization: Optical Rotation. Biot’s Laws for Rotatory Polarization .Fresnel’s  Theory of optical rotation. Calculation of angle of rotation. Experimental verification of Fresnel’s theory. Specific rotation. Laurent’s half-shade polarimeter.

Wave Guides: Planar optical wave guides. Planar dielectric wave guide. Condition of continuity at interface. Phase shift on total reflection. Eigenvalue equations. Phase and group velocity of guided waves. Field energy and Power transmission.

Optical Fibres: Numerical Aperture. Step and Graded Indices (Definitions Only). Single and Multiple Mode Fibres.